Jan. 8 (Bloomberg) -- American Jews are watching the Bernard Madoff case closely. Their concern, spoken or not, is that there is something about the Madoff scandal that will be perceived as inherently Jewish.
Perhaps only the intimate Jewish culture, whose members work, eat and pray together, could foster a Madoff, a man who apparently misled friends, annihilated whole fortunes and now faces prosecution for securities fraud estimated at $50 billion. Implicit in the concern of American Jews is the sense that a cool, old-boy-Protestant money manager wouldn’t have been able to pull off a trick so immense for so long.
My advice is to have no such fear. The Madoff scandal is not about how different a Jewish clan is from a Protestant clan. It is about how the two are alike. And how Jewish and Protestant clannishness in turn resembles that of Italian-Americans, Russian-Americans, Chinese-Americans, and on down the line.
Clannishness transcends any specific group. The clan can have value as a cultural or economic institution. It also harbors a unique power to destroy.
Want proof? The Securities and Exchange Commission has a Web page dedicated to what’s known as “affinity fraud.” From blacks in Florida to Korean-Americans in California, many groups have fallen prey to tricks of their brethren.
The clan problem in its purest form shows up in the story of the Madoff of another day: Richard Whitney, president of the New York Stock Exchange in the 1930s.
Diverted Client Funds
Whitney landed in New York’s Sing Sing prison after being convicted of diverting client funds for personal use. Like Madoff, Whitney triggered special outrage because -- in addition to breaking the law, something Madoff only stands accused of at this point -- he misled or lied to peers at the stock exchange whose reputation he epitomized.
Whitney sprang from the original American clan, that of the white Anglo-Saxon Protestant. Then, as now, there were also clans within the clan. It wasn’t sufficient to be a Harvard alumnus. You also had to have attended the right school before that. Or sport the gold pig of Harvard’s Porcellian Club. Or have important family connections to Wall Street leaders.
Clan members enjoyed access to credit from other members. The closer someone was to the club’s center, the more trustworthy he was deemed to be.
Richard Whitney stood at that epicenter. His uncle served as a partner at the House of Morgan, the closest thing to a central bank the U.S. had just before the creation of the modern Federal Reserve. His brother, George, was a senior partner there as well.
Steeplechasing, Yachting
Whitney had attended Groton School and Harvard, just like President Franklin Roosevelt. In addition to rising to the NYSE presidency, Whitney sat on the executive committee of the National Steeplechase and Hunt Association and was active at the New York Yacht Club.
Whitney, like Madoff, did plenty of good in his day. He raised funds for the Salvation Army. He also rescued the stock market itself at a crucial moment, personally halting the Black Thursday panic of October 1929 by placing the most historic single order in exchange history.
As John Brooks recalls in “Once in Golconda,” his account of Wall Street in the 1920s and 1930s, Whitney bought 10,000 shares of U.S. Steel “at 205, the price of the last previous sale, although the stock was actually being offered at that moment at well below 200.” Whitney then “matched this grandly uneconomic gesture by proceeding to various other posts on the floor and placing similar orders for other blue chip stocks.”
Fleecing Others
The move sealed his reputation as the “voice of Wall Street.” Yet even at the moment of his Black Thursday triumph, Whitney was well on the road toward fleecing his own.
He had borrowed more than he could afford. He was investing in obscure Florida properties and in companies so questionable they would never be traded on his exchange. Though his loyal brother and others would cover his ballooning loans -- the SEC complained about a “code of silence” -- Whitney’s misdeeds eventually expanded to writing checks to himself or his creditors from accounts of the exchange and the yacht club.
The sheer duration of Whitney’s deception was among its remarkable features. He misrepresented the state of his finances for at least a decade. Likewise, Bloomberg News has reported that regulators are now finding evidence that Madoff’s troubles may date all the way back to the 1970s.
Classic Clan-Think
In 1938, in hearings like those being held today, an SEC attorney probed Thomas Lamont of J.P. Morgan on why he had ignored warning signs.
Lamont’s reply was classic clan-think: “It made me ill almost that all that time he could have been deceiving his brother, deceiving his partners, deceiving his wife and community. Well, it was just -- it is inconceivable.”
That sounds a lot like the combination of wistfulness and nausea that Madoff is generating today in his community. (I’ve seen a small piece of it myself, since one of my children attends a school that lost money in Madoff-land.)
In both instances, the clan failed to view a member with the skeptical eye that should be brought to all business dealings.
Often the scammer hurts his own the most. Now, many Jews are hurting. Back then it was WASPs who got stung the worst.
Bernanke Urges ‘Strong Measures’ to Stabilize Banks (Update7)
Jan. 13 (Bloomberg) -- Federal Reserve Chairman Ben S. Bernanke warned that a fiscal stimulus won’t be enough to spur an economic recovery and that the government may need to buy or guarantee banks’ tainted assets to revive growth.
“Fiscal actions are unlikely to promote a lasting recovery unless they are accompanied by strong measures to further stabilize and strengthen the financial system,” Bernanke said in a speech today at the London School of Economics. “More capital injections and guarantees may become necessary to ensure stability and the normalization of credit markets.”
Bernanke’s remarks indicate he may be seeking to influence deliberations among lawmakers and President-elect Barack Obama’s economic aides on how to deploy the next $350 billion of the financial-rescue fund approved in October. While some Democrats have focused on offering aid to troubled homeowners, the Fed chief’s comments show he’s more concerned about a continued choking off of credit to companies and households.
Bernanke “is waking up to the reality that it is worse than he thought,” said Janet Tavakoli, president and founder of Tavakoli Structured Finance in Chicago. “We don’t have any investment banks that are doing just fine. The whole situation is very tenuous.”
The Fed chairman recommended three approaches on troubled assets. Public purchases of the bad assets are one possibility, as was originally planned under U.S. Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson’s Troubled Asset Relief Program, or TARP.
Troubled Assets
The government could also agree to absorb, in exchange for warrants or a fee, part of the losses on a specified portfolio of troubled assets, he said. Regulators used that method recently with their bailout of Citigroup Inc.
Another measure “would be to set up and capitalize so- called bad banks, which would purchase assets from financial institutions in exchange for cash and equity in the bad banks,” he said.
While the U.S. Treasury has already channeled $350 billion in taxpayer funds to recapitalize banks and rescue companies including American International Group Inc. and Citigroup, financial stocks have been hammered in recent days amid deepening concern about credit losses.
The Standard & Poor’s 500 Index rose 0.2 percent to 871.79 in New York today, as a rebound in oil prices lifted energy producers.
Speaking separately today, Fed Vice Chairman Donald Kohn urged using the second half of the $700 billion TARP to reduce foreclosures, help revive credit markets and continue direct aid to banks.
‘Preventable Foreclosures’
“Although a number of efforts are under way to address the problem of preventable foreclosures, more needs to be done,” Kohn said in testimony prepared for a House Financial Services Committee hearing.
Bernanke’s warning about toxic assets is “a call to use the second half of TARP for what it was intended for,” said Christopher Low, chief economist at FTN Financial in New York. “It was sold as something to get the mortgage market functioning again, which is something Congress would like to see because that gets back to homeowners.”
Obama asked President George W. Bush yesterday to inform Congress of the intent to release the second half of the $700 billion bailout fund. Lawrence Summers, the incoming White House economic director, pledged changes in how the TARP will be used, without offering specifics in a letter to congressional leaders.
Slumping Economy
Obama is pressing Congress for a stimulus plan of about $775 billion, including tax cuts and spending on everything from roads and schools to the energy network, to help pull the world’s largest economy out of a slump that’s in its second year.
Economists slashed forecasts for U.S. growth and projected the Fed won’t be able to start raising interest rates until 2010, according to a Bloomberg News survey published today. The economy will shrink 1.5 percent this year, a half percentage point more than projected last month, according to the median of 59 forecasts in the survey taken from Jan. 5 to Jan. 12.
Bernanke also said that efforts to reduce preventable foreclosures “could strengthen the housing market and reduce mortgage losses” and increase financial stability.
The Fed chairman said the favorable treatment that financial institutions are receiving from the government is “unavoidable” because the economy needs credit to grow. Still, aid should be accompanied by stronger supervision and regulation, he said.
“Financial firms of any type whose failure would pose a systemic risk must accept especially close regulatory scrutiny of their risk-taking,” he said. “It is unacceptable that large firms that the government is now compelled to support to preserve financial stability were among the greatest risk-takers during the boom period.”
Hampered Policy Makers
Bernanke reiterated his call for a regulatory procedure for resolving a large, failing nonbank institution. The absence of such a process hampered policy makers during the failures of Bear Stearns Cos. and Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc. last year.
“A continuing barrier to private investment in financial institutions is the large quantity of troubled, hard-to-value assets that remain on institutions’ balance sheets,” Bernanke said. “The presence of these assets significantly increases uncertainty about the underlying value of these institutions and may inhibit both new private investment and new lending.”
The Fed chairman’s speech also presented a narration of the central bank’s response to the crisis so far, and he said the U.S. central bank still has “powerful tools” to influence growth and prices.
Too Risky
Bernanke has expanded the size and types of assets on the Fed’s balance sheet more than any other chairman in the institution’s history. During the past year he increased the Fed’s holdings by more than $1 trillion, in part with credits that banks and brokers considered too risky.
He said the Fed can continue to use communication to guide markets on how the central bank’s economic outlook is likely to shape their policy.
The central bank cut its main interest rate to as low as zero last month and pledged to expand its assets if necessary. The Fed plans to buy as much as $600 billion of bonds and mortgage-backed securities sold by federally chartered mortgage finance companies.
The Federal Open Market Committee is also considering purchases of longer-term Treasury securities. “In determining whether to proceed with such purchases, the committee will focus on their potential to improve conditions in private credit markets, such as mortgage markets,” Bernanke said.
Bolster Markets
Fed officials will begin a program next month to bolster securitization markets for consumer credit. The Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility, the Fed’s newest emergency program to increase liquidity, will finance up to $200 billion in securities backed by loans to small businesses, students, credit-card holders and car buyers. The facility has $20 billion of support from the U.S. Treasury.
If the program proves successful, “its basic framework can be expanded to accommodate higher volumes of additional classes of securities as circumstances warrant,” Bernanke said.
The Fed will “unwind” its emergency lending programs “when credit markets and the economy have begun to recover,” Bernanke said. Policy makers can then return to the “traditional means of making monetary policy,” setting a target for the federal funds rate.
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